Te Ripanga Whakataurite Hou o nga Tohu Kowiri tira
Ko te kowiri tira kei te whakamahia nuitia i roto i te umanga whakangao o te ao, engari na te rereke o nga paerewa me nga tikanga whakaingoa o te kowiri tira i roto i nga whenua me nga rohe, he maha nga raruraru i roto i te maarama me te whakawhitiwhiti korero. Hei awhina i nga hinonga me nga kaihoko kia pai ake te tautuhi me te kowhiri i nga rawa e tika ana, kua whakahiatohia e JIEHUANG tetahi ripanga whakatairite mo te ao mo nga tohu kowiri tira. Ka whakatauritehia e tenei ripanga nga paerewa matua o te ao (penei i te paerewa GB o Haina, te paerewa ASTM o Amerika, te paerewa EN o Uropi me te paerewa JIS o Hapani) mo te tohutoro tere i te wa e whiriwhiri ana me te hoko i nga taonga kowiri tira. Kaore e taea e tenei anake te whakapai ake i te pai o te hoko whakawhiti-rohe, engari ka awhina ano hoki ki te whakarite i te tika me te rite o te kowhiringa rauemi.
| Te Ripanga Whakataurite Hou o nga Tohu Kowiri tira | ||||||||||||
| Tau | Momo | Haina | Ruhia | Tiamana | Parani | Hapani | tia | Ingarangi | Paerewa o te ao | Sweden | ||
| (GB) | (TOCT) | (DIN) | (NF) | (HIM) | ASTM/AISI | US | SAE | (BS) | (ISO) | (SS14) | ||
| 1 | Austenitic kowiri tira | 1Cr17Mn6Ni5N | 12X17T9AH4 | — | — | SUS201 | 201 | S20100 | 30201 | — | A-2 | — |
| 2 | 1Cr18Mn8Ni5N | 12X17T9AH4 | X8CrMnNi189 | Z15CNM19.08 | SUS202 | 202 | S20200 | 30202 | 284S16 | A-3 | 2357 | |
| 3 | 1Cr18Mn10Ni5Mo3N | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 4 | 2Cr13Mn9Ni4 | 20X13H4T9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 5 | 1Cr17Ni7 | 09X17H7U | X12CrNi17.7 | Z12CN17.07 | SUS301 | 301 | S30100 | 30301 | 301S21 | 14 | — | |
| 6 | 1Cr17Ni8 | — | X12CrNi17.7 | — | SUS301J1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 7 | 1Cr18Ni9 | 12X18H9 | X12CrNi18.8 | Z10CN18.09 | SUS302 | 302 | S30200 | 30302 | 302S25 | 12 | 2331 | |
| 8 | Y1Cr18Ni9 | — | X12CrNiS18.8 | Z10CNF18.09 | SUS303 | 303 | S30300 | 30303 | 303S21 | 17 | 2346 | |
| 9 | Y1Cr18Ni9Se | 12X18H10E | — | — | SUS303Se | 303Se | S30323 | 30303Se | 303S41 | 17 | — | |
| 10 | 1Cr18Ni9Si3 | — | X12CrNiSi18.8 | — | SUS302B | 302B | S30215 | 30302B | — | — | — | |
| 11 | 0Cr18Ni9 | 08X18H10 | X5CrNi18.9 | Z6CN18.09 | SUS304 | 304 | S30400 | 30304 | 304S15 | 11 | 2332 | |
| 2333 | ||||||||||||
| 12 | 00Cr18Ni10 | 03X18H11 | X2CrNi18.9 | Z2CN18.09 | SUS304L | 304L | S30403 | 30304L | 304S12 | 10 | — | |
| 13 | 0Cr19Ni9N | — | — | — | SUS404N1 | 304N | S30451 | — | — | — | — | |
| 14 | 0Cr19Ni10NbN | — | X5CrNiNb18.9 | — | SUS304N2 | XM21 | S30452 | — | — | — | — | |
| 15 | 00Cr18Ni10N | — | X2CrNiN18.10 | Z2CN18.10 | SUS304LN | 304LN | S30453 | — | 304S62 | — | 2371 | |
| (Ko) | ||||||||||||
| 16 | 1Cr18Ni12 | 12X18H12T | X5CrNi19.11 | Z8CN18.12 | SUS305 | 305 | S30500 | 30305 | 305S19 | 13 | — | |
| 17 | 0Cr18Ni12 | 8X18H12T,06X18H11 | X5CrNi19.11 | Z8CN18.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 18 | 0Cr23Ni13 | — | X7CrNi23.14 | — | SUS309S | 309S | S30908 | 30309S | — | — | — | |
| 19 | 0Cr25Ni20 | — | — | — | SUS310S | 310S | S31008 | 30310S | — | — | 2361 | |
| 20 | 0Cr17Ni12Mo2 | 08X17H13M2T | X5CrNiMo18.10 | Z6CND17.12 | SUS316 | 316 | S31600 | 30316 | 316S16 | 20,20a | 2347 | |
| 21 | 1Cr17Ni12Mo2 | 10X17H13M2T | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 22 | 0Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti | 08X17H13M2T | X10CrNiMoTi18.10 | Z6CNDT17.12 | — | — | — | — | 320S31 | — | 2343 | |
| 320S17 | -2350 | |||||||||||
| 23 | 1Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti | 10X17H13M2T | X10CrNiMoTi18.10 | Z8CNDT17.12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2350 | |
| 24 | 00Cr17Ni14Mo2 | 03X17H14M2 | X2CrNiMo18.10 | Z2CND17.12 | SUS316L | 316L | S31603 | 30316L | 316S12 | 19,19a | 2353 | |
| 25 | 0Cr17Ni12Mo2N | — | — | — | SUS316N | 316N | S31651 | — | — | — | — | |
| 26 | 00Cr17Ni13Mo2N | — | X2CrNiMoN18.12 | Z2CND17.12 | SUS316LN | 316LN | S31653 | — | 316S61 | — | 2375 | |
| (TE) | ||||||||||||
| 27 | 0Cr18Ni12Mo2Cu2 | — | — | — | SUS316J1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 28 | 00Cr18Ni14Mo2Cu2 | — | — | — | SUS316J11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 29 | 0Cr18Ni12Mo3Ti | 08X17H15M3T | — | Z6CNDT17.13 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 30 | 1Cr18Ni12Mo3Ti | 10X17H13M3T | X10CrNiMoTi18.12 | Z8CNDT17.13B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 31 | 0Cr19Ni13Mo3 | 08X17H15M3T | X5CrNiMo17.13 | — | SUS317 | 317 | S31700 | 30317 | 317S16 | 25 | — | |
| 32 | 00Cr19Ni13Mo3 | 03X16H15M3 | X2CrNiMo18.16 | Z2CND19.15 | SUS317L | 317L | S31703 | — | 317S12 | 24 | 2367 | |
| 33 | 0Cr18Ni16Mo5 | — | — | — | SUS317J1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 34 | 1Cr18Ni9Ti | 12X18H9T | X12CrNiTi18.9 | Z10CNT18.10 | SUS321 | 321 | S32100 | 30321 | 321S20 | — | 2337 | |
| 35 | 0Cr18Ni10Ti | 08X18H10T | X10CrNiTi18.9 | Z6CNT18.11 | SUS321 | 321 | S32100 | 30321 | 321S12 | 15 | — | |
| 36 | 1Cr18Ni11Ti | 12X18H10T | — | — | — | — | — | — | 321S20 | — | — | |
| 37 | 0Cr18Ni11Nb | 08X18H12B | X10CrNiNb18.9 | Z6CNNb18.10 | SUS347 | 347 | S34700 | 30347 | 347S17 | 16 | 2338 | |
| 38 | 1Cr18Ni11Nb | 12X18H12B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 39 | 0Cr18Ni9Cu3 | — | — | Z6CNU18.10 | SUSXM7 | XM7 | S30430 | — | — | D32 | — | |
| 40 | 0Cr18Ni13Si4 | — | — | — | SUSXM15J1 | XM15 | S38100 | — | — | — | — | |
| 41 | Austenitic ∣ Ferritic Steel | 0Cr26Ni5Mo2 | 08X21H6M2T | X8CrNiMo275 | — | SUS329J1 | 329 | S32900 | — | — | — | 2324 |
| 42 | 1Cr18Ni11Si4AlTi | 15X18H12C4TЮ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 43 | 1Cr21Ni5Ti | 12X21H5T | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 44 | 00Cr18Ni5Mo3Si2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 45 | 00Cr24Ni6Mo3N | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 46 | Ferritic kowiri tira | 0Cr13A1 | 1X12CYU | X7CrAl13 | Z6CA13 | SUS405 | 405 | S40500 | 51405 | 405S17 | 2 | 2302 |
| 47 | 00Cr12 | — | — | — | SUS410L | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 48 | 1Cr15 | — | — | — | SUS429 | 429 | S42900 | 51429 | — | — | — | |
| 49 | 00Cr17 | — | — | — | SUS430LX | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 50 | 1Cr17 | 12X7 | X8Cr17 | Z8C17 | SUS430 | 430 | S43000 | 51430 | 430S15 | 8 | 2320 | |
| 51 | Y1Cr17 | — | X12CrMoS17 | Z10CF17 | SUS430F | 430F | S43020 | 51430F | — | 8a | 2383 | |
| 52 | 1Cr17Mo | — | X6CrMo17 | Z8CD17.01 | SUS434 | 434 | S43400 | 51434 | 434S17 | 9c | 2325 | |
| 53 | 00Cr17Mo | — | — | — | SUS436L | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 54 | 00Cr18Mo2 | — | — | — | SUS444 | 18Cr2Mo | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 55 | 1Cr25Ti | 15X25T | X8Cr28 | — | — | 446 | S44600 | 51446 | — | — | 2322 | |
| 56 | 00Cr27Mo | — | — | Z01CD26.1 | SUSXM27 | XM27 | S44625 | — | — | — | — | |
| 57 | 00Cr30Mo2 | — | — | — | SUS447J1 | — | S44700 | — | — | — | — | |
| 58 | Martensite kowiri tira | 1Cr12 | — | — | — | SUS403 | 403 | S40300 | 51403 | 403S17 | — | 2301 |
| 59 | 0Cr13 | 08X13 | X7Cr13, X7Cr14 | Z6C13 | SUS410S | 410S | S41008 | — | 430S17 | 1 | — | |
| 60 | 1Cr13 | 12X13 | X10Cr13 | Z12C13 | SUS410 | 410 | S41000 | 51410 | 410S21 | 3 | 2302 | |
| 61 | 1Cr13Mo | — | X15CrMo13 | — | SUS410J1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 62 | Y1Cr13 | — | X12CrS13 | Z12CF13 | SUS416 | 416 | S41600 | 51416 | 416S21 | 7 | 2380 | |
| 63 | 2Cr13 | 20X13 | X20Cr13 | Z20C13 | SUS420J1 | 420 | S42000 | 51420 | 420S37 | 4 | ||
RFQ:
1. He aha nga parenga waikura o nga tini rino kowiri tira?
Ko te 304 he kowiri tira e whakamahia whanuitia ana ki te hanga taputapu me nga waahanga e hiahia ana kia pai te mahi matawhānui (te aukati te waikura me te hangai). Ko te 301 he kowiri tira e whakaatu ana i te kaha o te mahi ka paheke ana, ka whakamahia i roto i nga waa rereke e hiahia ana kia kaha ake.
Ko te 302 he kowiri tira he rereke o te 304 he kowiri tira me te nui o te waro, ka taea te kaha ake ma te hurihuri makariri.
Ko te 302B he kowiri tira me te ihirangi silicon teitei ake, me te kaha ake o te atete ki te waiora teitei. Ko te 303 me te 303Se he tira kowiri tira kei roto he whanariki me te selenium, e whakamahia ana i nga waa e hiahia ana te tapahi kore utu me te whakaoti mata teitei. Ka whakamahia hoki te 303Se kowiri tira ki te hanga i nga waahanga e hiahia ana ki te werawera na te mea i raro i enei ahuatanga, he pai te mahi wera o tenei kowiri tira.
Ko te 304L he rereke o te 304 he kowiri tira me te iti o te waro, ka whakamahia i nga waa e hiahia ana ki te whakapiri. Ko te iti o te waro ka whakaiti i te rerenga o nga carbide i roto i te rohe e pa ana ki te wera e tata ana ki te weld, a ko te rerenga o nga carbide ka pa mai te waikura intergranular (weld erosion) o te kowiri tira i etahi taiao.
Ko te 304N he kowiri tira kei roto i te hauota, ka taapirihia te hauota hei whakanui ake i te kaha o te maitai.
Ko nga tira kowiri 305 me te 384 he nui ake te ihirangi nickel me te iti ake o nga reiti whakapakeke mahi, e tika ana mo nga momo waa me nga whakaritenga teitei mo te ahua makariri.
Ko te 308 he kowiri tira ka whakamahia ki te hanga i nga rakau whakapiri.
Ko te 309, 310, 314 me te 330 he kowiri tira he nui ake te nickel me te chromium hei whakapai ake i te aukati o te waikura me te kaha ngokingoki o te maitai i te wera nui. Ko te 30S5 me te 310S he momo kowiri tira 309 me te 310, ko te rereke anake he iti ake te waro hei whakaiti i te rerenga o nga carbide e tata ana ki te weld. Ko te 330 he kowiri tira he tino atete ki te carburization me te ru werawera.
Ko te 316 me te 317 kowiri tira kei roto konumohe, no reira he pai ake to ratou atete ki te waikura i roto i te moana me te taiao ahumahi matū i te 304 kowiri tira. I roto ia ratou, 316 kowiri tira he rereke tae atu ki te iti-waro kowiri tira 316L, teitei-kaha kowiri tira 316N kei roto hauota, me te kore utu-tapahi kowiri tira 316F ki te ihirangi whanariki tiketike.
Ko te 321, 347 me te 348 he kowiri tira kua whakapumautia me te titanium, te niobium, te tantalum me te niobium, e tika ana mo nga waahanga whakapiri e whakamahia ana i te wera nui. Ko te 348 he kowiri tira e tika ana mo te umanga karihi karihi, me etahi here mo te nui o te tantalum me te cobalt.
2. He aha te kowiri tira he autō hoki?
Whakautu: He maha nga wa ka whakaaro te tangata ka taea e nga aukume te kukume te kowiri tira hei manatoko i tona kounga me te pono. Ki te kore e kukume i te aukumetanga, ka kiia he pai, he pono; ki te kukume i te aukumetanga, ka kiia he rūpahu. Inaa, he tino taha taha tenei, he koretake me te he tikanga tautuhi.
He maha nga momo kowiri tira, ka taea te wehewehe ki nga waahanga maha i runga i te hanganga whakahaere i te pāmahana rūma:
1. Austenite: penei i te 304, 321, 316, 310, me etahi atu;
2. Martensite, ferrite ranei: penei i te 430, 420, 410, me etahi atu;
Ko te Austenite he aukume-kore, he ngoikore ranei te autō, ko te martensite me te ferrite he autō.
Ko te nuinga o te kowiri tira e whakamahia ana mo nga pepa ngongo whakapaipai he rauemi austenitic 304, i te nuinga o te waa kaore he aukume, he ngoikore ranei. Heoi, na te rerekee o te hanganga matū, i nga tikanga tukatuka rereke ranei na te whakarewatanga, ka puta ano te aukumetanga, engari kaore tenei e kiia he tinihanga, he kore tohu ranei. He aha te take?
Ka rite ki te korero i runga ake nei, ko te austenite he kore-aukume, he ngoikore ranei te autō, ko te martensite me te ferrite he autō. Na te wehenga o te waahanga, te maimoatanga wera kino ranei i te wa e whakarewahia ana, he iti te hanga martensite, ferrite ranei ka puta i roto i te austenitic 304 kowiri tira. Ma tenei ara, 304 kowiri tira ka ngoikore te aukumetanga.
I tua atu, i muri i te mahi makariri, ka huri ano te hanganga whakahaere o te 304 kowiri tira ki te martensite. Ko te nui ake o te huringa mahi makariri, ka nui ake te huringa martensite, ka nui ake te aukumetanga o te maitai. Hei tauira, he huinga takai rino, i te wa e whakaputa ana i nga ngongo Φ76, karekau e kitea te arataki autō, a, i te wa e whakaputa ana i nga ngongo Φ9.5. Ko te arataki autō ka kitea ake na te nui o te rerekee o te piko o te makariri. He nui ake te rerekee o nga ngongo tapawha me te tapawha i nga ngongo porowhita, ina koa ko nga kokonga, ka kaha ake te rerekee, ka kitea atu te aukumetanga.
Ki te whakakore rawa i te aukumetanga o te maitai 304 i puta mai i nga take o runga ake nei, ka taea te whakamahi maimoatanga otinga totoka teitei-te pāmahana hei whakaora i te hanganga austenite pumau, na reira ka whakakore i te aukumetanga.
Me tohu ake ko te aukumetanga o te 304 kowiri tira i puta mai i nga take o runga ake nei he rereke rawa atu i te aukumetanga o etahi atu taonga penei i te 430 me te waro maitai, ara, ko te aukumetanga o te 304 maitai e whakaatu tonu ana i te aukumetanga ngoikore.
Ko te korero tenei ki te mea he ngoikore te aukumetanga o te kowiri tira, kaore ranei he aukumetanga katoa, me whakatau ko te 3-4 me te 316 rauemi; mena he rite tonu ki te aukumetanga o te waro waro, he kaha te aukumetanga, no reira ka whakatauhia kia kaua e 304 rawa.
Ko ta matou whakaaro ka hoko koe i nga hua kowiri tira, me whiriwhiri koe i nga hua mai i nga kaihanga rongonui, kaua e apo mo te iti, kia tupato kei tinihangatia.