Ceramic zvinhu

Zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ano zveceramic rudzi rutsva rwemakeramiki anogadzirwa kubva kune echinyakare machira anoenderana neakakosha dhakaramics uye ane hunhu hwakasiyana hwakasiyana kubva kune echinyakare ceramics. Yakapfuura kwenguva refu kupfuura iyo pfungwa uye chiyero chetsika ceramics. Icho chigadzirwa chepamusoro uye teknolojia itsva. Nokudaro, zvinhu zveceramic inyaya yekare uye yechidiki.

Izvo zvinonzi zvemazuva ano ceramic zvinhu ndeye inorganic isiri-metallic zvinhu. Icho chimwe chemapoka matatu makuru ezvigadzirwa zvemazuva ano padivi pesimbi uye organic zvinhu. Ndiko zvakare kuzivikanwa kwakawanda kwezvinhu zvese kunze kwesimbi zvinhu uye organic zvinhu. Chinhu chekukurukurirana muchitsauko chino zvinhu zvemazuva ano zveceramic kana zvemazuva ano inorganic zvisiri zvesimbi.

Zvinyorwa zvemazuva ano zveceramic zvine zvinyorwa zvepamusoro-tech. Kuenzaniswa nezvinhu zvechinyakare. Iyo inonyanya kuve neanotevera maitiro matatu:

(1) Kubva pane zvinodiwa zvemazuva ano zvesainzi uye tekinoroji budiriro. Icho chigadzirwa chekuvandudzwa kwesainzi yemazuva ano uye tekinoroji uye chigadzirwa chepamusoro-soro.

(2) Iyo nzira yekugadzira yakaoma uye inoda kutungamirwa kweazvino budiriro yesainzi uye tekinoroji. Naizvozvo, inyanzvi yeruzivo-yakanyanya chigadzirwa.

(3) Iyo ine yakanakisa uye yakakosha zvivakwa uye inogona kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekutengesa uye tekinoroji maindasitiri.

Kurongeka kwezvinhu zveceramic

Nekuvandudzwa kwekugadzirwa uye sainzi uye tekinoroji. Mhando dzeceramic zvinhu uye zvigadzirwa zviri kuwedzera zuva nezuva. Kuti ufambise kunzwisiswa kwehunhu hwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana kana zvigadzirwa, zvinowanzoiswa kubva kumakona akasiyana.

1. Kurongwa nemakemikari

(1) Oxide ceramics. Kune akawanda marudzi eoxide ceramics, iyo inotora nzvimbo yakakosha mumhuri yekeramic. Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa oxide ceramics ndeye Al2O3, SiO2, MgO, ZrO3, CeO2, CaO. Cr2O3, mullite (3Al2O3.2SiO4) uye spinel (MgAl2O3), etc. Al2O3 uye SiO2 mumakeramiki anoshandiswa zvakanyanya sesimbi uye aluminium alloys mumidziyo yesimbi. Mamwe oxide ceramics akanyorwa muTebhura 11.1. Silicates zvakare ndeyeiyo oxide series. Zvakadai seZrsiO4. Kufona kwakamirira. Kunewo maokisidhi akaumbwa akadai seBaT, CgyiO; nezvimwewo zvinowirawo muchikamu ichi.

Ceramic zvinhu zvinorongwa nemakemikari

(2) Carbide ceramics. Carbide ceramics kazhinji ine nzvimbo yakakwira yekunyungudika kupfuura maokisijeni. Inonyanya kushandiswa ndiyo SIC, SC, Phoenix C. TIC etc. Carbide ceramics inofanira kuva nekuchengetedzwa kwemhepo panguva yekugadzirira.

(3) Amide ceramics. Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa chloride ndeye a-ji, iyo ine yakanakisa yakazara ma mechanical zvivakwa uye yakakwirira tembiricha kuramba. Pamusoro pezvo, mashandisirwo eTZN, BN, uye AI nitride ceramics ari kuwedzera kupararira. C3N4, iyo ichangobva kuoneka, inotarisirwa kuita zvirinani pane Si3O4.

(4) Makemikari mana emakeramiki. Iko kushandiswa kwe boride ceramics haina kupararira zvakanyanya. Iwo anonyanya kushandiswa seyakadzika ekuwedzera kana yechipiri nhanho kuti iwedzere kune mamwe matrices eceramic kuvandudza mashandiro. Anowanzo shandiswa anosanganisira Ti, Zr&, nezvimwe.

2. Kurongwa nekuita uye kushandiswa

(1) Zvigadzirwa zveceramic. Structural Ceramics inoshandiswa semidziyo yekugadzira kugadzira zvikamu zvechimiro. Kunyanya kushandisa maitiro ayo emagetsi. Kuwedzerwa simba, kuomarara, kuoma, modulus, kupfeka kusamira, tembiricha yakakwira (kusimba kwekushisa kwepamusoro, kushomeka kwekushisa, kubviswa kwekudzivirira), nezvimwewo. Zvizhinji zvezviumbwa zvina zvakarongedzerwa nekemikoro yekemikari yakataurwa pamusoro apa ndeye ceramics yemaitiro. Zvakadai seAjZQ dombo. 3N4 uye ZX inomiririra zvimiro zveceramic zvinhu zvine hunyanzvi hwekugadzira michina.

(2) Ceramics inoshanda. Functional Ceramics anoshandiswa sezvinhu zvinoshanda kugadzira zvishandiso zvinoshanda, kunyanya kushandisa yavo yemuviri zvinhu semagetsi emagetsi emagetsi, thermal properties, optical properties, biological properties, etc. Somuenzaniso ferrite. Ferroelectric ceramics inonyanya kushandiswa kune yavo yemagetsi zvivakwa. Inoshandiswa kugadzira electromagnetic components, dielectric ceramics inoshandiswa kugadzira capacitor, uye piezoelectric ceramics inoshandiswa kuita displacement kana pressure sensors. Solid electrolyte ceramics inogona kushandiswa kugadzira maokisijeni detectors vachishandisa ion kutamisa zvivakwa. Bioceramics inoshandiswa kugadzira mapfupa ekugadzira uye mazino ekugadzira. Superconducting zvinhu uye optical fibers zvakare ndezvechikamu cheanoshanda ceramics.

Zvakakodzera kutaura kuti kupatsanurwa kuri pamusoro kwakasiyanawo. Panzvimbo pekuve mhedziso, pane dzimwe nguva hapana muganho wakasimba pakati pezvimiro zveceramics uye zvinoshanda zveceramics. Kune zvimwe zvinhu zveceramic, pane zvese zviri zviviri. Piezoelectric ceramics. Kunyangwe ichigona kuverengerwa seanoshanda ceramics, ine zvakare zvimwe zvinodikanwa kune yayo michina zvimiro, senge simba, kuoma, kuoma, uye elastic modulus. Chekutanga pane zvese, inofanirwa kunge iine simba rakakwana kudzivirira kukuvadzwa kana ichishingirira E simba, kuitira kuti zvakajairika piezoelectric hunhu hugone kuwanikwa. Pamusoro pezvo, senge yakakwira-tembiricha structural ceramics kana thermal shock-resistant uye moto-resistant ceramics ye spacecraft inodzivirira kupisa zvikamu, kunyangwe zviri zvechikamu chezvakagadzirwa ceramics. Nekudaro, iyo yekupisa yekuwedzera kuramba haina kungotemwa nesimba rayo, kuomarara, uye modulus, asi iyo thermal conductivity uye thermal yekuwedzera coefficient yakafananawo neiyo mechanical properties, iyo ine simba rakakosha pane thermal shock resistance. Corrosion resistance ndeyekuita kwakakosha kwemakemikari ceramics (senge acid-resistant pombi), asi inofanirwa kunge iine mamwe ma mechanic properties kusangana nezvinodiwa zveindasitiri. Superconducting zvinhu zvakaoma kugadzira waya nekuti dzine mafuta akawanda. Naizvozvo, haikwanise kupinda muchikamu chekushandisa. Kupfupisa, ingave yakarongeka ceramics kana inoshanda ceramics, mechanical properties ndiyo inonyanya kukosha zvinhu zveceramic zvinhu. Ingori kuti kushandiswa kwakasiyana kune zvakasiyana zvinodiwa zvema mechanical properties.

Ichi chitsauko chinokurukura kunyanya zviumbwa zveceramics.

Zvakanakira zveceramics

1. Kuita maitiro ezvigadzirwa zveceramic

Sezvatinoziva tese, zvisungo zvemakemikari zvesimbi zvinhu (goridhe rakachena kana alloys) kazhinji simbi. Iwo anoumbwa nesimbi yakanaka maatomu uye maerekitironi makore anoazadza. Metal bonds haana direction. Naizvozvo, simbi ine yakanaka epurasitiki deformation zvinhu. Kana ari maceramics anoregeredza asiri-metallic compounds, makemikari avo akakwirira kupfuura hutano uye covalent zvisungo. Iyi chemistry ine kutungamira kwakasimba uye yakakwirira kusunga simba. Naizvozvo, zvakaoma kuti zvinhu zveceramic zvipinde mupurasitiki deformation. High brittleness uye yakasimba crack sensitivity. Iyi ndiyo Achilles chitsitsinho checeramic zvinhu. Asi ndizvo chaizvo nekuda kweichi chemikemikari chisungo mhando kuti zvimiro zvekeramics zvine nhevedzano yezvakakosha zvivakwa zviri nani kune esimbi zvinhu.

①Kuomarara kwepamusoro kunotarisisa kwayo kupfeka kuramba;

②Murazvo wepamusoro. Yakatsunga kuti ine yakasarudzika kupisa kuramba;

③Kugadzikana kwemakemikari. Inotarisa kuti ine yakanaka corrosion resistance.

Kunyangwe zvinhu zveceramic zvine zvakanakira zvakadaro. Zvisinei, kuipa kwayo kunouraya—brittleness—inoganhurira kuita kwayo uye mashandisirwo ayo anoshanda. Naizvozvo, kuomeswa kweceramic rave musoro wenyaya mumunda wekutsvagisa zvinhu zveceramic izvo zvinokwezva kutarisisa kwepasirese (ona kuomeswa kwechikamu checeramics kuti uwane ruzivo).

2. Kuenzanisa pakati pemazuva ano (advanced) ceramics uye zvechinyakare ceramics

Ceramics yemazuva ano kana ichienzaniswa neyechinyakare ceramics. Pane misiyano yakakura mukuumbwa kwezvinhu, maitiro ekugadzirira, chimiro chesangano uye kuita.

Musiyano pakati pechinyakare ceramics uye yemazuva ano ceramics