Umehluko phakathi kwensimbi engagqwali 316 kanye 316L
Isingeniso
Iyini insimbi engagqwali? Insimbi yengxubevange equkethe i-chromium engaphezu kuka-12% noma i-nickel engaphezu kuka-8% ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi insimbi engagqwali.
Lolu hlobo lwensimbi lunokumelana nokugqwala okuthile emkhathini noma emithonjeni yezindaba ebolayo futhi lunamandla aphezulu emazingeni okushisa aphezulu (>450℃). Insimbi enokuqukethwe kwe-chromium okungu-16% kuya ku-18% ibizwa ngensimbi engamelana ne-asidi noma insimbi engagqwali futhi ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi insimbi engagqwali. Lapho okuqukethwe kwe-chromium kunsimbi kungaphezu kuka-12%, ungqimba lwefilimu ye-passivation enothile nge-chromium yakheka ngokushesha ebusweni ngenxa yesenzo se-electrochemical ekuthintaneni nemidiya ye-oxidizing ukuvikela ingaphakathi lensimbi ekugqwaleni; kodwa kumithombo yezindaba egqwalayo enga-oxidizing, kusenzima ukwenza ifilimu eqinile ye-passivation. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi, ingxenye ye-chromium ivame ukukhuphuka, noma izakhi ze-alloy ezingakhuthaza i-passivation ziyengezwa, njenge-Ni, Mo, Mn, Cu, Nb, Ti, W, Co, njll.
Lezi zakhi azithuthuki nje kuphela ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi kodwa futhi zishintsha inhlangano yangaphakathi kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba nemishini yensimbi. Okuqukethwe okuhlukile kwalezi zakhi ze-alloy ensimbi kunemiphumela ehlukene ezakhiweni zensimbi engagqwali.
Ezinye zikazibuthe, ezinye azinawo uzibuthe, ezinye zingaphathwa ngokushisa, kanti ezinye azikwazi ukuphathwa ngokushisa. Ngenxa yezici ezingenhla zensimbi engagqwali, isetshenziswa kabanzi kwezokundiza, i-aerospace, amakhemikhali, i-petroleum, ukwakhiwa, ukudla kanye neminye imikhakha yezimboni kanye nempilo yansuku zonke. Izakhi ze-alloy eziqukethwe kuyo zinethonya elikhulu ku-machinability, futhi ezinye zinzima ngisho nokuzisika.
Ukusiza abafundi baqonde kangcono futhi bakhethe okokusebenza okubasebenzelayo, lesi sihloko sizongena emininingwaneni eminingi mayelana nomehluko phakathi kuka-316 no-316L wensimbi engagqwali. I-316 iyinsimbi engagqwali enekhabhoni ephansi enebanga lasekhaya elithi 0Cr17Ni12Mo2, kanti i-316L iyinsimbi engenasikhabhoni ene-ultra-low-low enezinga lasekhaya elithi 00Cr17Ni14Mo2. Kusobala ukuthi ngenkathi i-316L imelana kakhulu nokugqwala, i-316 inezimfanelo zomshini ezingcono kakhulu.
Umehluko phakathi kuka-316 no-316L wensimbi engagqwali umi kanje:
Izinsimbi ezingenasici i-316 kanye ne-316L yilezo eziqukethe i-molybdenum. Insimbi engagqwali engu-316L iqukethe i-molybdenum ethe xaxa kune-316 yensimbi engagqwali. Uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi engagqwali 310 kanye ne-304, le nsimbi yenza kangcono iyonke ngenxa ye-molybdenum equkethe. Uma okuqukethwe kwe-sulfuric acid kuphakathi kuka-15% no-85% emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, insimbi engagqwali engu-316 ingasetshenziswa ngezinjongo ezihlukahlukene. Izindawo zasolwandle zivame ukusebenzisa insimbi engagqwali engu-316 ngenxa yokumelana kwayo okuqinile nokugqwala kwe-chlorine.
Lapho kudingeka ukumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu kakhulu kanye nokufakwa ngemuva kokushiselwa, insimbi engagqwali engu-316L, enekhabhoni ephezulu engamaphesenti angu-0.03, ingasetshenziswa.
316 VS 316L Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali (ingxenye enkulu, %)
| Uhlobo | UMn | P | C | Futhi | maX | Cr | Ku | Ngoba | okunye |
| 316 | 0.08 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 16-18 | 10-14 | 2-3 | - |
| 316L | 0.03 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 16-18 | 10-14 | 2-3 | - |
Ukumelana nokugqwala:
Enqubweni yokukhiqiza i-pulp nephepha, inokumelana nokugqwala okuhle, okudlula insimbi engama-304. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugqwala okuvela ezindaweni zezimboni ezigqwalile kanye nezindawo zasolwandle akukwazi ukucekela phansi insimbi engagqwali engu-316.
Ukumelana nokushisa:
Insimbi engagqwali engu-316 imelana ne-oxidation kahle uma isetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ngaphansi kwama-degree angu-1700 futhi ngezikhathi ezithile ngaphansi kwama-degree angu-1600. Insimbi engagqwali engu-316 inokumelana nokushisa okuhle uma isetshenziswa njalo ngaphandle kwebanga lokushisa elingu-800-1575 degree, nakuba kungakuhle ukuthi ungayisebenzisi kulobu bubanzi usuku lonke. Ibanga lokushisa eliphezulu lifanele insimbi engagqwali engu-316L, ekwazi ukumelana nemvula ye-carbide kunensimbi engagqwali engu-316.
Ukwelashwa kokushisa:
I-Anneal phakathi kuka-1850 no-2050 degrees, bese ukhipha ngokushesha ngaphambi kokupholisa ngokushesha. Ukushisa ngokweqile ngeke kuqine insimbi engagqwali engu-316.
Ukushisela:
I-316 insimbi engagqwali isebenza kahle uma kukhulunywa ngokushisela. Zonke izindlela zokushisela ezivamile zingasetshenziswa ukukushisela. Ngokuya ngesicelo, ama-electrode ensimbi engagqwali noma izinduku zokugcwalisa ezenziwe nge-316Cb, 316L, noma 309Cb zingasetshenziselwa ukushisela. Ngemuva kokushisela, ingxenye yensimbi engagqwali engu-316 kufanele ifakwe ukuze ithole izinga eliphezulu lokumelana nokugqwala. I-post-weld annealing akudingekile uma usebenzisa insimbi engagqwali engu-316L.
Ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile:
| Ikhodi yensimbi engagqwali | Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali (ingxenyana yobuningi)/% | Umsebenzi we-Anti-corrosion |
| Imisebenzi engokomzimba neyamakhemikhali | isici | Imboni Yezicelo |
| I-SUS316 06Cr17Ni12Mo2 | C≤0.08; Si≤0,75; Mn≤2.00; P≤0.040; S≤0.030; Ngo: 10.00-14.00; Cr: 16.00-18.00; Isikhathi: 2.00-3.00 | Inokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu nokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu futhi ingasetshenziswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima. |
| Inokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu, ipulasitiki, ukuqina, amandla okushisa aphezulu, i-deformation ebandayo kanye nokusebenza kwenqubo yokushisela. | Ukumelana nokugqwala okuqinile, amandla aphezulu okushisa aphezulu, nokusebenza okuphezulu kwe-welding. | Isetshenziselwa amanzi okuphuza, amanzi okuphuza, amanzi abandayo, amanzi ashisayo, igesi, igesi yezokwelapha, okokusebenza kwamanzi olwandle, amakhemikhali, uphethiloli, ukwenza amaphepha, i-oxalic acid, okokusebenza kukamanyolo, ukuthwebula izithombe, imboni yokudla, izikhungo zasogwini. |
| I-SUS316L 022Cr17Ni12Mo2 | C≤0.030; Si≤0,75; Mn≤2.00; P≤0.040; S≤0.030; Ngo: 10.00-14.00; Cr: 16.00-18.00; Isikhathi: 2.00-3.00 | Ukumelana nokugqwala kungcono kune-316, kodwa amandla okushisa aphezulu abi kakhulu, ngakho angasetshenziswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima. |
| Inokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu, amandla, ipulasitiki, ukuqina, ukwakheka okubandayo kanye nokusebenza okuhle kakhulu kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi. | Ukumelana nokugqwala kungcono kune-SUS316, kodwa amandla okushisa aphezulu mabi kancane. | Isetshenziselwa amanzi okuphuza, amanzi okuphuza, amanzi abandayo, amanzi ashisayo, igesi, igesi yezokwelapha, okokusebenza kwamanzi olwandle, amakhemikhali, uphethiloli, ukwenza amaphepha, i-oxalic acid, okokusebenza kukamanyolo, ukuthwebula izithombe, imboni yokudla, izikhungo zasogwini. |
316 kanye ne-316L Stainless Steel vs. 304
Insimbi engagqwali evamile esetshenziselwa ukwakha izinto zokusebenza nezingxenye ezidinga ukuba nezimpawu ezinhle zizonke (njengokumelana nokugqwala kanye nokwakheka) ingu-304.
Mayelana nokumelana nokugqwala kwamakhemikhali, i-304 ne-316 insimbi engagqwali ayivamisile ukuhluka kwenye, nakuba kukhona ukuhlukahluka okuqondene nemidiya.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, i-304, insimbi yokuqala engagqwali ezokwakhiwa, isengozini yokugqwala. Okunye okungeziwe okungu-2-3% kwe-molybdenum kungase kunciphise lokhu kuzwela, okuholela ku-316. Le molybdenum eyengeziwe ingase futhi yehlise ukugqwala okubangelwa amanye ama-asidi emvelo ashisayo.
Ebhizinisini lokudla neziphuzo, insimbi engagqwali engu-316 iyinto ejwayelekile. Insimbi engagqwali engu-316 ibiza kakhulu kunensimbi engagqwali engu-304 ngenxa yokushoda komhlaba wonke kwe-molybdenum kanye nokwanda kwe-nickel kokuqukethwe kwensimbi engu-316.
Ngenxa yokungabikho komoyampilo kanye nokungakwazi ukukhiqiza ungqimba oluvikelayo lwe-chromium oxide, ukugqwala kwe-pitting kubangelwa kakhulu ukugqwala kwe-deposition phezu kwensimbi engagqwali.
Ukugqwala kwe-pitting akuvamile, ikakhulukazi kuma-valve amancane, ngoba mancane amathuba okufaka ku-valve plate.
I-304 kanye ne-316 insimbi engagqwali icishe ilingane nokugqwala okulinganayo emithonjeni ehlukahlukene yamanzi (amanzi okuphuza, amanzi acwecwe, amanzi omfula, amanzi abhayela, amanzi olwandle, njll.); Nokho, insimbi engagqwali engu-316 ifaneleka kangcono uma okuphakathi kuqukethe amazinga aphezulu kakhulu ama-ion e-chloride.
Nakuba ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-304 kanye ne-316 yensimbi engagqwali ngokuvamile akuhlukani kakhulu, kungase kube khona ukuhluka okubalulekile ngezikhathi ezithile okudinga uphenyo olwengeziwe. Njengoba bezobe bekhetha ipayipi kanye nempahla yokuqukatha okusekelwe endaweni, abasebenzisi bamavalvu kufanele babe nomqondo ocacile. Asazisi abasebenzisi kunoma yiziphi izinto zokwakha.
Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali (304,304L,316,316L)
| Uhlobo | UMn | P | C | Futhi | maX | Cr | Ku | Ngoba | okunye |
| 304 | 0.08 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 18-20 | 8-12 |
| - |
| 304L | 0.03 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 18-20 | 8-12 |
| - |
| 316 | 0.08 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 16-18 | 10-14 | 2-3 | - |
| 316L | 0.03 | 2 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 1 | 16-18 | 10-14 | 2-3 | - |
Izakhiwo zikamshini (304,304L,316,316L)
| Uhlobo | I-UTS N/mm ² | Veza N/mm ² | Ukwelula % | Ukuqina (HRB) | Inombolo ye-DIN eqhathaniswayo | |
| okwenziwe | phonsa | |||||
| 304 | 600 | 210 | 60 | 80 | 1.4301 | 1.4308 |
| 304L | 530 | 200 | 50 | 70 | 1.4306 | 1.4552 |
| 316 | 560 | 210 | 60 | 78 | 1.4401 | 1.4408 |
| 316L | 530 | 200 | 50 | 75 | 1.4406 | 1.4581 |
Isingeniso kwezinye izinsimbi ezingenasici
I-304 iyinsimbi engagqwali yenhloso ejwayelekile esetshenziswa kabanzi ukwenza amathuluzi nezingxenye ezidinga izakhiwo ezinhle eziphelele (ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokwakheka).
Insimbi engagqwali engu-301 ibonisa ukuqina komsebenzi osobala lapho ikhubazekile futhi isetshenziswa ezikhathini ezahlukahlukene ezidinga amandla aphezulu.
I-302 insimbi engagqwali empeleni iwuhlobo lwensimbi engagqwali engu-304 enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephezulu, engenziwa ukuthi ibe namandla aphakeme ngokugoqeka okubandayo.
I-302B iyinsimbi engagqwali enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-silicon, enokumelana okuphezulu ne-oxidation yezinga lokushisa eliphezulu.
I-303 kanye ne-303Se yizinsimbi ezingenasici ezisikwa mahhala eziqukethe i-sulphur ne-selenium ngokulandelanayo, ezisetshenziswa ezindaweni lapho ukusika okukhululekile nokuqeda phezulu kuyadingeka kakhulu. I-303Se insimbi engagqwali iphinde isetshenziswe ukwenza izingxenye ezidinga ukucasulwa ngokushisayo ngoba iyakwazi ukusebenza kahle ngokushisa ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo.
I-304L iwuhlobo lwensimbi engagqwali engu-304 enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephansi, esetshenziswa ezindaweni lapho kudingeka khona ukushisela. Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephansi kunciphisa imvula yama-carbides endaweni ethinteke ukushisa eduze nendawo yokushisela, okungase kubangele ukugqwala kwe-intergranular (i-weld erosion) yensimbi engagqwali ezindaweni ezithile.
I-305 kanye ne-384 yensimbi engagqwali iqukethe i-nickel ephezulu kanye nezinga eliphansi lokuqina komsebenzi futhi afanele izikhathi ezihlukahlukene ezinezidingo eziphezulu zokubumba okubandayo.
308 insimbi engagqwali isetshenziselwa ukwenza izinduku zokushisela.
309, 310, 314 kanye no-330 izinsimbi ezingenasici zinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-nickel nokuqukethwe kwe-chromium ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana ne-oxidation namandla okunyakazisa ensimbi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. I-30S5 ne-310S izinhlobonhlobo zama-stainless steels angu-309 kanye nama-310, umehluko kuphela ukuthi okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kuphansi ukuze kuncishiswe ama-carbides atholakala eduze nendawo yokushisela. I-330 insimbi engagqwali inokumelana okuphezulu kakhulu ne-carburization kanye nokushaqeka okushisayo.
I-316 kanye ne-317 insimbi engagqwali iqukethe i-aluminium, ngakho-ke ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala kwemigodi ezindaweni zasolwandle nezimboni zamakhemikhali kungcono kakhulu kunaleyo ye-304 stainless steel. Phakathi kwazo, insimbi engagqwali engu-316 inokuhlukahluka okuhlanganisa insimbi engagqwali enekhabhoni ephansi engu-316L, nensimbi engenasici enamandla amakhulu equkethe i-nitrogen.
316N kanye nensimbi engagqwali esika mahhala engu-316F enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesibabule.
I-321, 347, kanye ne-348 yizinsimbi ezingenasici ezizinzile nge-titanium, i-niobium, ne-tantalum, ngokulandelana, futhi zifanele izingxenye zokushisela ezisetshenziswa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. I-348 iyinsimbi engagqwali elungele imboni yamandla enuzi futhi inemikhawulo ethile enanini le-tantalum ne-cobalt.
Lapho ukhetha, kufanele ucabangele izici ezifana nezidingo ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza, izimo zemvelo, kanye nesabelomali sezindleko.