Nā mea seramika

ʻO nā mea seramika o kēia wā he ʻano ʻano ʻano keramika hou i hoʻomohala ʻia mai nā seramika maʻamau e pili ana i nā seramika kūikawā a loaʻa iā ia nā hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa i ʻokoʻa i nā seramika kahiko. Ua hala lōʻihi ma mua o ka manaʻo a me ka laulā o nā seramika kahiko. He huahana ia o ka ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe a hou. No laila, he kumuhana kahiko a ʻōpio nā mea seramika.

ʻO nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo nā mea ceramic hou he mau mea ʻole metala. ʻO ia kekahi o nā ʻāpana nui ʻekolu o nā mea hou me nā metala a me nā mea kūlohelohe. ʻO ia hoʻi ka ʻike maʻamau o nā mea āpau koe wale nā ​​mea metala a me nā mea kūlohelohe. ʻO ke kumuhana o ke kūkākūkā ʻana ma kēia mokuna, ʻo ia nā mea seramika hou a i ʻole nā ​​mea metala ʻole o kēia wā.

Loaʻa i nā mea seramika hou nā manaʻo kiʻekiʻe. Ke hoʻohālikelikeʻia me nā mea kahiko. Loaʻa iā ia nā ʻano ʻekolu:

(1) Ma muli o nā koi o ka hoʻomohala ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana hou. ʻO ia ka huahana o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana hou a he huahana ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe.

(2) He paʻakikī ke kaʻina hana a koi i ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā hana ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana hou. No laila, he huahana ʻike ʻenehana.

(3) Loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai maikaʻi a kūikawā a hiki ke hoʻokō i nā koi o nā ʻoihana kalepa a me nā ʻenehana hou.

Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mea seramika

Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hana a me ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana. Ke hoʻonui nei nā ʻano o nā mea seramika a me nā huahana i kēlā me kēia lā. I mea e maʻalahi ai ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea like ʻole a i ʻole nā ​​​​huahana, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou mai nā kihi like ʻole.

1. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka haku melemele

(1) ʻOkisa seramika. Nui nā ʻano o ka oxide ceramics, kahi e noho nei i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi i ka ʻohana ceramic. ʻO nā seramika oxide i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo Al2O3, SiO2, MgO, ZrO3, CeO2, CaO. ʻO Cr2O3, mullite (3Al2O3.2SiO4) a me spinel (MgAl2O3), etc. ʻO Al2O3 a me SiO2 i loko o nā seramika e hoʻohana nui ʻia e like me ke kila a me nā alumini alumini i nā mea metala. Aia kekahi mau seramika oxide ma ka Papa 11.1. ʻO nā silicates kekahi i ka moʻo oxide. E like me ZrsiO4. Ua kali ke kelepona. Aia kekahi mau oxides composite e like me BaT, CgyiO; a pela aku no keia mahele.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea seramika e ka haku melemele

(2) ʻO nā seramika Carbide. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka helu heheʻe ʻana o ka carbide ceramics ma mua o nā oxides. ʻO nā mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia ʻo SIC, SC, Phoenix C. TIC a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Pono nā ceramics Carbide e mālama i ka lewa i ka wā o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana.

(3) Amide seramika. ʻO ka chloride i hoʻohana nui ʻia he a-ji, nona nā waiwai mechanical piha maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia nā noi o TZN, BN, a me AI nitride ceramics. ʻO C3N4, ka mea i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa, ua manaʻo ʻia e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ma mua o Si3O4.

(4) ʻEhā kemika kemika. ʻAʻole ākea loa ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā seramika boride. Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou e like me nā mea hoʻohui hohonu a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea ʻelua e hoʻohui ʻia i nā matrices seramika e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hana. ʻO nā mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia me Ti, Zr&, etc.

2. Hoʻokaʻawale ma ka hana a me ka hoʻohana

(1) Nā seramika hale. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ceramics e like me nā mea hana e hana ai i nā ʻāpana hana. Hoʻohana nui i kāna mau ʻano mechanical. Hoʻonui i ka ikaika, ʻoʻoleʻa, paʻakikī, modulus, ʻaʻahu kūʻē, pale wela kiʻekiʻe (ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe, kūpaʻa haʻalulu wela, kūʻē ablation), a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. E like me ka pohaku AjZQ. ʻO 3N4 a me ZX nā mea hana seramika i hōʻike ʻia me nā waiwai mechanical kiʻekiʻe.

(2) Nā seramika hana. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ceramics e like me nā mea hana e hana ai i nā mea hana, me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i kā lākou mau waiwai kino e like me nā waiwai electromagnetic, nā waiwai wela, nā waiwai optical, nā waiwai biological, etc. No ka laʻana ferrite. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā seramika Ferroelectric no kā lākou mau waiwai electromagnetic. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hana i nā ʻāpana electromagnetic, hoʻohana ʻia nā ceramics dielectric e hana i nā capacitors, a hoʻohana ʻia nā ceramics piezoelectric e hana i ka neʻe ʻana a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea ʻike kaomi. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā seramika electrolyte paʻa e hana i nā mea ʻike oxygen me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kā lākou mau waiwai hoʻoili ion. Hoʻohana ʻia nā bioceramics e hana i nā iwi a me nā niho hana. ʻO nā mea superconducting a me nā fiber optical no ka māhele o nā seramika hana.

Pono e ʻōlelo ʻia he pili pū ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i luna. Ma mua o ka paʻa, ʻaʻohe palena paʻa i kekahi manawa ma waena o nā seramika hana a me nā seramika hana. No kekahi mau mea seramika, aia nā mea ʻelua. Piezoelectric keramika. ʻOiai hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me nā seramika hana, aia kekahi mau koi no kāna mau waiwai mechanical, e like me ka ikaika, ka paʻakikī, ka paʻakikī, a me ka modulus elastic. ʻO ka mea mua, pono e lawa ka ikaika e pale ai i ka pōʻino ke kū i ka ikaika E, i hiki ke hoʻokō i nā ʻano piezoelectric maʻamau. Eia kekahi, e like me nā seramika hoʻolālā kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻoheheʻe wela a me nā seramika pale ahi no nā ʻāpana wela wela, ʻoiai aia lākou i ka ʻāpana o nā seramika kūkulu. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo wale ʻia ke kūpaʻa hoʻonui wela e kona ikaika ponoʻī, paʻakikī, a me ka modulus, akā ʻo ka conductivity thermal a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka wela ua like pū me nā waiwai mechanical, he hopena koʻikoʻi loa i ka pale ʻana i ka wela. He hana koʻikoʻi ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion no nā seramika kemika (e like me nā pāpaʻi kūpaʻa waikawa), akā pono e loaʻa iā ia kekahi mau waiwai mechanical e hoʻokō i nā koi o ka ʻoihana. He paʻakikī ka hana ʻana i nā mea superconducting i nā uea no ka mea he momona nui lākou. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke komo i ka pae hoʻohana pono. I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, inā paha he seramika kūkulu ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​​​seramika hana, ʻo nā waiwai mechanical nā waiwai kumu nui o nā mea seramika. ʻO ia wale nō ka loaʻa ʻana o nā koi like ʻole no nā waiwai mechanical.

Kūkākūkā nui kēia mokuna i nā seramika.

Nā pōmaikaʻi o nā seramika

1. Nā hiʻohiʻona hana o nā mea seramika

E like me kā mākou e ʻike ai, ʻo nā mea paʻa kemika o nā mea metala (gula maʻemaʻe a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻohui) he mau metala ka nui. Hoʻokumu ʻia lākou me nā ʻātoma maikaʻi metala a me nā ao electron e hoʻopiha ana iā lākou. ʻAʻohe kuhikuhi o nā mea paʻa metala. No laila, loaʻa i ka metala nā waiwai deformation plastik maikaʻi. No nā seramika e nānā ʻole ana i nā pūhui non-metallic, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kā lākou mau mea kemika ma mua o ke olakino a me nā paʻa covalent. Loaʻa i kēia kemika ke kuhikuhi ikaika a me ka ikehu paʻa kiʻekiʻe. No laila, paʻakikī i nā mea seramika e hana i ka deformation plastic. Kiʻekiʻe brittleness a ikaika māwae. ʻO kēia ka kuʻekuʻe Achilles o nā mea keramika. Akā ma muli o kēia ʻano paʻa kemika i loaʻa i nā seramika structural kahi ʻano o nā waiwai kūikawā i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā mea metala.

① ʻO ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe e hoʻoholo i kona kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa;

②Lahi lapalapa kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻoholo ʻia he kūpaʻa wela kona;

③Kiʻekiʻe kemika paʻa. Hoʻoholo ia he maikaʻi ke kūpaʻa corrosion.

ʻOiai he mau mea maikaʻi loa nā mea seramika. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kona pōʻino make - brittleness - ka palena i kāna hana a me nā hoʻohana pono. No laila, ua lilo ka paʻakikī o nā seramika i kumuhana koʻikoʻi ma ke kahua o ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea seramika e huki ai i ka manaʻo o ka honua (e ʻike i ka ʻāpana paʻakikī o ka ceramics no nā kikoʻī).

2. Ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana ma waena o nā seramika hou (ʻoi aku) a me nā seramika kahiko

Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā seramika o kēia wā me nā seramika kahiko. Aia nā ʻokoʻa nui o ka haku mele ʻana, ka hana hoʻomākaukau, ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho a me ka hana.

Hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā mea hana kahiko a me nā keramika hou