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2024-11-06

Hoʻolauna

He aha ke kila kila? ʻO ke kila kila i loaʻa ma mua o 12% chromium a i ʻole 8% nickel ka mea maʻamau i kapa ʻia he kila kila.

ʻO kēia ʻano kila ke kūpaʻa ʻino i ka lewa a i ʻole ka media corrosive a ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma nā mahana kiʻekiʻe (> 450 ℃). ʻO ke kila me ka chromium maʻiʻo o ka 16% a hiki i ka 18% ua kapa ʻia ʻo ke kila kūpaʻa ʻakika a i ʻole ke kila kila ʻakika a ua kapa pinepine ʻia ke kila kila. Ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ka chromium ma ke kila ma mua o 12%, hoʻokumu koke ʻia kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni passivation waiwai chromium ma ka ʻili ma muli o ka hana electrochemical e pili ana me ka media oxidizing e pale ai i loko o ka metala mai ka ʻino; akā, i ka non-oxidizing corrosive media, he mea paʻakikī ke hana i kahi kiʻi passivation paʻa. No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kūpaʻa corrosion o ke kila, hoʻonui pinepine ʻia ka hapa o ka chromium, a i ʻole nā mea alloy e hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka passivation, e like me Ni, Mo, Mn, Cu, Nb, Ti, W, Co, etc.

ʻAʻole kēia mau mea e hoʻomaikaʻi wale i ke kūpaʻa corrosion o ke kila akā e hoʻololi pū i ka hui kūloko a me nā ʻano kino a me nā mīkini o ke kila. ʻO nā mea likeʻole o kēia mau mea hoʻohui i ke kila he mau hopena likeʻole i nā waiwai o ke kila kila.

ʻO kekahi mau mea hoʻokalakupua, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana i ka wela, a ʻaʻole hiki ke mālama ʻia kekahi. Ma muli o nā hiʻohiʻona i luna o ke kila kila, hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i ka mokulele, aerospace, chemical, petroleum, kūkulu, meaʻai a me nā ʻoihana ʻoihana ʻē aʻe a me ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO nā mea hao i loko o ia mea he mana nui i ka machinability, a paʻakikī kekahi e ʻoki.

No ke kōkua ʻana i ka poʻe heluhelu e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi a koho i nā mea e pono ai lākou, e hele kēia ʻatikala i nā kikoʻī nui e pili ana i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o 316 a me 316L stainless steel. ʻO 316 he kila kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa me ka pae home 0Cr17Ni12Mo2, ʻoiai ʻo 316L he kila kila ultra-haʻahaʻa me ka pae home 00Cr17Ni14Mo2. ʻIke ʻia ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka pale ʻana o 316L i ka corrosion, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka 316 mau ʻano mechanical.

ʻO nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o 316 a me 316L stainless steel penei:

ʻO nā kila kila 316 a me 316L nā mea i loaʻa i ka molybdenum. 316L kila kuhiliʻole he molybdenum iki ma mua o 316 kuhiliʻole kila. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kila kila 310 a me 304, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia kila ma muli o ka molybdenum i loko. Aia ka sulfuric acid ma waena o 15% a me 85% i nā wela kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka 316 stainless steel no nā kumu like ʻole. Hoʻohana pinepine nā wahi kai i ka 316 stainless steel ma muli o kona kūpaʻa ikaika i ka chlorine corrosion.

I ka wā e pono ai ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe o ka corrosion a me ka annealing ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka 316L stainless steel, nona ka nui o ke kalapona he 0.03 pakeneka.

316 VS 316L Huina kemika (kahi hakina, %)

ʻAno	ʻO Mn maX	P maX	C maX	A maX	maX	Cr	In	No ka mea	ʻē aʻe
316	0.08	2	0.045	0.03	1	16-18	10-14	2-3	-
316L	0.03	2	0.045	0.03	1	16-18	10-14	2-3	-

ʻO ke kūpaʻa ʻino:

I loko o ka pulp a me ka pepa hana kaʻina hana, he maikaʻi ka corrosion kū'ē, outperforming 304 stainless steel. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole hiki i ka corrosive mai nā wahi ʻoihana corrosive a me nā kaiapuni moana ke hoʻopau i ka 316 stainless steel.

Palena wela:

316 ke kila kuhiliʻole ke kūʻē maikaʻi i ka oxidation ke hoʻohana mau ʻia ma lalo o 1700 degere a ma lalo o 1600 degere. ʻO 316 kila kila maikaʻi ke kūpaʻa wela ke hoʻohana mau ʻia ma waho o ka pae wela 800-1575 degere, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana ia mea ma kēia pae a puni ka lā. ʻO ka pae wela kiʻekiʻe he kūpono ia no ka 316L stainless steel, ʻoi aku ke kūpaʻa i ka ua carbide ma mua o 316 stainless steel.

Hana wela:

Aneal ma waena o 1850 a me 2050 degere, a laila e hoʻopili koke ma mua o ka hoʻolili koke ʻana. ʻAʻole e hoʻopaʻakikī ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ke kila kila 316.

wiliwili:

Hana maikaʻi ʻo 316 stainless steel i ka wā e pili ana i ka wili. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻenehana wiliwili maʻamau a pau e wili ai. Ma muli o ka noi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā electrodes stainless steel a i ʻole nā koʻokoʻo hoʻopihapiha i hana ʻia me 316Cb, 316L, a i ʻole 309Cb no ka wili. Ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana, pono e hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻāpana 316 stainless steel e kiʻi i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion. ʻAʻole pono ka hoʻopili ʻana ma hope o ka weld i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ke kila kila 316L.

Hoʻohana maʻamau:

Code kila kila

ʻO ka haku mele ʻana (haʻina nui)/%

Hana anti-corrosion

Nā hana kino a me kemika

hiʻona

ʻOihana Hoʻohana

SUS316

06Cr17Ni12Mo2

C≤0.08;

Si≤0.75;

Mn≤2.00;

P≤0.040;

S≤0.030;

Ma: 10.00-14.00;

Kr：16.00-18.00;

Wā: 2.00-3.00

Loaʻa iā ia ka pale corrosion maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana paʻakikī.

Loaʻa iā ia ke kūpaʻa corrosion maikaʻi, ka plasticity, ka paʻakikī, ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe, ke anuanu deformation a me ka hana kuʻi ʻana.

ʻO ke kūpaʻa corrosion ikaika, ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe, a me ka hana hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi.

Hoʻohana ʻia no ka wai inu, ka wai inu, ka wai anuanu, ka wai wela, ke kinoea, ka lāʻau lapaʻau, nā mea wai kai, kemika, ka wahie, ka hana pepa, ka waikawa oxalic, nā mea momona, nā kiʻi, nā meaʻai, nā mea kai.

SUS316L

022Cr17Ni12Mo2

C≤0.030;

Si≤0.75;

Mn≤2.00;

P≤0.040;

S≤0.030;

Ma: 10.00-14.00;

Kr：16.00-18.00;

Wā: 2.00-3.00

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion ma mua o 316, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe, no laila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana paʻakikī.

Loaʻa iā ia ke kūpaʻa corrosion maikaʻi loa, ikaika, plasticity, toughness, formability anu a me ka hana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa maikaʻi loa.

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa corrosion ma mua o SUS316, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe.

316 a me 316L Kūleʻa kila vs. 304

ʻO ke kila kila kila maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā mea hana a me nā ʻāpana e pono ai ke loaʻa nā ʻano maikaʻi holoʻokoʻa (e like me ke kūpaʻa corrosion a me ka formability) ʻo 304.

E pili ana i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion kemika, ʻokoʻa ka 304 a me 316 stainless steel mai kekahi i kekahi, ʻoiai aia kekahi mau ʻano like ʻole o ka media.

Ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana, ʻo 304, ka mea kila kuhili ʻole mua i hana ʻia, hiki ke maʻalahi i ka corrosion. ʻO ka hoʻohui hou ʻana o ka molybdenum he 2-3% hiki ke hoʻemi i kēia naʻau, e hopena i ka 316. Hiki i kēia molybdenum ʻoi ke hoʻemi i ka ʻino i hoʻokumu ʻia e kekahi mau ʻakika organik wela.

I ka ʻoihana meaʻai a me nā mea inu, ʻo 316 stainless steel kahi mea maʻamau. ʻOi aku ke kumu kūʻai o 316 stainless steel ma mua o 304 stainless steel ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi honua o ka molybdenum a me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka nickel content o 316 stainless steel.

Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o ka oxygen a me ka hiki ʻole ke hana i kahi papa pale o ka chromium oxide, ʻo ka pitting corrosion ka hapa nui o ka deposition corrosion ma ka ʻili o ke kila kila.

He mea kakaikahi ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka lua, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pahu liʻiliʻi, no ka mea, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka manawa e waiho ai ma ka pā valve.

ʻO 304 a me 316 ke kila kila he ʻaneʻane like ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion i nā ʻano media wai (ka wai inu, ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ka wai kahawai, ka wai paila, ka wai kai, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe); akā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kila kila 316 inā loaʻa i ke kikowaena nā pae kiʻekiʻe o nā ion chloride.

ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa ka pale ʻana o ka corrosion o 304 a me 316 stainless steel, aia paha i kekahi manawa ke ʻano nui e koi ai i ka hoʻokolokolo hou aku. No ka mea e koho ana lākou i ka pipeline a me ka ipu ipu e pili ana i ke ʻano, pono e loaʻa i nā mea hoʻohana valve ka manaʻo maopopo. ʻAʻole mākou aʻo i nā mea hoʻohana i kekahi mea.

Huina kemika (304,304L,316,316L)

ʻAno	ʻO Mn maX	P maX	C maX	A maX	maX	Cr	In	No ka mea	ʻē aʻe
304	0.08	2	0.045	0.03	1	18-20	8-12		-
304L	0.03	2	0.045	0.03	1	18-20	8-12		-
316	0.08	2	0.045	0.03	1	16-18	10-14	2-3	-
316L	0.03	2	0.045	0.03	1	16-18	10-14	2-3	-

Waiwai mīkini (304,304L,316,316L)

ʻAno	UTS N/mm ²	Hāʻawi N/mm ²	ʻO ka lōʻihi %	ʻoʻoleʻa (HRB)	Helu DIN like
ʻAno	UTS N/mm ²	Hāʻawi N/mm ²	ʻO ka lōʻihi %	ʻoʻoleʻa (HRB)	hana ʻia	hoolei
304	600	210	60	80	1.4301	1.4308
304L	530	200	50	70	1.4306	1.4552
316	560	210	60	78	1.4401	1.4408
316L	530	200	50	75	1.4406	1.4581

ʻO ka hoʻolauna ʻana i nā kila kila ʻē aʻe

ʻO 304 he kila kuhiliʻole maʻamau i hoʻohana nui ʻia e hana i nā mea hana a me nā ʻāpana e pono ai nā waiwai piha maikaʻi (ke kūpaʻa corrosion a me ka formability).

Hōʻike ʻo 301 stainless steel i ka paʻakikī o ka hana i ka wā i hoʻopōʻino ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia i nā manawa like ʻole e koi ai i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO 302 stainless steel he ʻano like ʻole o 304 stainless steel me kahi ʻano kalapona kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke hana i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe ma o ka ʻōwili anu.

ʻO 302B he kila kila me ka ʻike silika kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka oxidation wela kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO 303 a me 303Se he mau kila kila ʻokiʻoki manuahi i loaʻa ka sulfur a me ka selenium, i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā wahi i makemake nui ʻia ai ka ʻoki manuahi a me ka hoʻopau kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ʻo 303Se stainless steel e hana i nā ʻāpana e pono ai ka hoʻonāukiuki wela no ka mea he maikaʻi ka hana wela ma lalo o ia mau kūlana.

ʻO 304L kahi ʻano like ʻole o 304 stainless steel me ka haʻahaʻa carbon content, i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā wahi e koi ʻia ai ka wili. ʻO ka maʻiʻo kalapona haʻahaʻa e hōʻemi i ka ua o nā carbide ma ka wahi i hoʻopili ʻia i ka wela ma kahi kokoke i ka weld, hiki ke kumu i ka ʻino intergranular (weld erosion) o ke kila kila ma kekahi mau kaiapuni.

ʻO 305 a me 384 mau kila kila kila kiʻekiʻe ka nickel content a me ka haʻahaʻa hana paʻakikī a kūpono i nā manawa like ʻole me nā koi kiʻekiʻe no ka formability anu.

Hoʻohana ʻia ke kila kila 308 e hana i nā koʻokoʻo wili.

ʻO 309, 310, 314 a me 330 mau kila kila he kiʻekiʻe ka nickel a me ka chromium i mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka pale ʻana o ka oxidation a me ka ikaika kolo o ke kila ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe. ʻO 30S5 a me 310S nā ʻano like ʻole o 309 a me 310 stainless steels, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa wale nō ka haʻahaʻa o ke kalapona i mea e hōʻemi ai i nā carbide i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kokoke i ka weld. ʻO 330 kila kila ke kūʻē kiʻekiʻe loa i ka carburization a me ka haʻalulu wela.

ʻO 316 a me 317 ke kila kila i loko o ka alumini, no laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ko lākou kūʻē ʻana i ka corrosion i loko o ke kai a me nā ʻenehana ʻenehana ma mua o ka 304 stainless steel. Ma waena o lākou, 316 kila kuhiliʻole nā ʻano like me ka haʻahaʻa-carbon kuhiliʻole kila 316L, a kiʻekiʻe-ikaika kuhiliʻole kila i loko o ka nitrogen.

316N a me ka ʻoki ʻoki manuahi 316F me ka nui o ka sulfur.

ʻO 321, 347, a me 348 he mau kila kila i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka titanium, niobium, a me ka tantalum, kēlā me kēia, a ua kūpono i nā mea wili i hoʻohana ʻia i nā wela kiʻekiʻe. ʻO 348 he kila kila kūpono no ka ʻoihana mana nuklea a loaʻa kekahi mau palena i ka nui o ka tantalum a me ka cobalt.

I ke koho ʻana, pono ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i nā mea e like me nā koi noi kikoʻī, nā kūlana kaiapuni, a me ke kumukūʻai kumukūʻai.